Computer education Essay

Computer education is two sides of a coin, there are several advantages and disadvantages which are listed below: Advantages: 1. Information is available at the click of a button, the internet is very useful and gives a huge support to the teacher to enhance her curriculum 2. The students themselves can learn a lot about the topics taught in class through the internet 3. Children find the lessons interesting since teachers have access to a vast pool of information. 4. Children can submit homework etc via computer, thus saving of time 5. Saves a lot of stationery, paper wastage is minimal since students can submit their projects via computer. 6. Also, today everywhere a computer is used children become computer savvy and better prepared to face the world. Disadvantages: 1. Computer tends to make the children lazy, reason being that a computer is a one stop shop. Everything is available at a click of a button, they do not have to strive to collect information. 2. Children lose their power the think since just by putting in one word on the search engine a whole treasure of information opens up, everything is available without trying very hard, children lose their imagination power and ingenuity. 3. Children do not have to learn spellings, calculation, tables they become totally dependant on computers and their skills for memorising, application, quick thinking are not developed. 4. A computer is a very cold way of teaching, earlier live examples and objects were used which were far more exciting, we could touch, smell objects like earlier if a teacher wanted to teach about an orange a live orange was brought and shown, today everything is shown via power point presentations on screen which does not have the same effect on children, since a live thing is so much more exciting. 5. Children lose touch with the real world and live in a virtual world which is not good. 6. Children become loners, lose friends, since all the time they are stuck to the computers 7. They do not sleep on time since chatting, emailing,

Advancing the Nursing Profession

â€Å"When you're a nurse you know that every day you will touch a life or a life will touch yours†.   This is a famous saying from an unknown source that has touched my inner soul as I perform my nursing duties to my patients.For many years, the advancement in the field of science, medicine, technology and research has lessened hospital stay, reduced medical cost and improved the lives of people.   Professionals in various fields of medicine continue to explore the human body in their attempt to prevent sickness and diseases, discover cures, reduce the number of death and injuries and alleviate pains.The remarkable discoveries have given rise to better medicines, sophisticated medical apparatus and equipments that contributed to a large extent towards early detection and non-invasive surgical procedures.   So much of these discoveries are made and the advancement in medicine will never cease.In the field of nursing, I have witnessed the role of technology and medicine t owards the improvement of quality of life of many patients.   Some patients may thank the wonders of miracle drugs and others are thankful for the new lease of life that technology has given them.Yet, there are still countless of patients who need a human touch and listening professionals to reduce their anxieties and to regularly visit them in their sickbed.   Such is a vital role of a nurse that I intend to explore as I work towards the advancement of my profession.As a student nurse, I was given the opportunity to be assigned in all the units in the hospital.   I directly work under the supervision of a clinical instructor and professional nurses in various units.   In many instances, I also had the chance to assist physicians and surgeons as they perform medical treatments and surgical procedures to their patients.   Every learning opportunity is an important experience for me.  As I approach my final year in my studies, I cannot help but think of the field that I wa nt to specialize in and how I intend to advance my nursing profession.   My trainings have allowed me to work under a lot of pressure in the emergency department where every second counts to save the lives and alleviate the sufferings of those who are in distress.I have been part of the team that has witnessed the birth of a new creation in the delivery room.   From orthopedic, aesthetic, cardiology to neurology related surgeries, I have assisted doctors and nurses in the pre-operative and post-operative procedures.It was challenging to be assigned in the nursery and pediatric department to monitor the health conditions of the infants and children who were prone to many illnesses due to their low resistance.   I have felt the joy of seeing a patient wake up after days of being in a coma in the intensive units.I have also witnessed miracles and many sufferings from patients in the oncology unit.   There are intrinsic rewards and challenges that nurses like me has experienced in our day-to-day practice.As one of the forefronts in promoting the quality of life from birth to the end of life of every person, nurses can do so much in touching the lives of people and in giving hope to those who refused to believe that there may still be a faint of light at the end of the tunnel.   This is the task that I have decided to explore in the advancement of my nursing profession.In my trainings and experience in the hospital, I have had a mixture of good and painful experiences.   Although these are expected in any medical related profession, I still feel that nurses make a difference in the lives of others.   We can affect our patients positively and make them hold on even to the blink of hope that can change their lives.I felt a strong calling to work on a nursing profession that specialized in the field of oncology when I was assigned in the oncology unit.     Ã‚  Although there are researches, good drugs and advanced therapy for the detection, intervent ion, and treatment of cancer, nothing could replace the support, human touch and care that nurses could extend to patients who are in need of an assurance that we would be with them and their families as they endure their treatments and pains.Nothing could equal the anxiety and stress of going through chemo or cobalt therapy knowing that the treatment could provide a long term positive effect, a short-term remission or unfavorable result although these days treatments tend to prolong and enhance lives.   Research has provided us with more hope and more people who are afflicted with cancer tend to resume normal lives after regular treatments.Although my professional nursing practice may begin after I secure my credentials, I always believe that I have already began to practice my calling on the first day of my clinical experience.   Nursing is the career that I have chosen not only because of my desire to help the sick and make them feel better but I have felt so much fulfillment as I touch their lives in many ways that I have been touched.Working either in the oncology unit or in the hospice care is a field that I am most drawn to.   I intend to learn as much as I can from my work and from the experience that I will gain from caring my patients.   My concept in advancing nursing comes not from doing research to cure diseases but from the golden rule, â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you†.I lived by the Bible verse found in 1 Thessalonians 5:14, that reminds me to â€Å"Encourage those who are weak and afraid†.   I believe that this is a good reminder for all the nurses.   It is not enough that we extend physical care to our patients.We also need to spiritually and emotionally lift them up to help them cope with their illnesses and to have a positive outlook in life.   Let us not lose sight of what our profession is all about.   Just like those days when Florence Nightingale rendered her dedicated services, we sh ould always offer a lending hand instead of waiting for our patients to ask for them.

Annals of the American Academy

When out of work the average member of the working class loses his chief means of support. It is, therefore, a matter of life and death to him. The most immediate and vital effect of unemployment on the worker is a very serious reduction of the wage scale. Enough has been said to show how greatly unemployment reduces the pay received. In debasement of any general information for Philadelphia industries, an investigation made in New Jersey will best serve to indicate, in a general way, the extent to which the wage scale is depressed by unemployment.Figures collected by the New Jersey State Department of Labor from firms employing over 21 ,OHO workers in the machine industry and from firms employing nearly 16,000 persons in the silk industry show that each of these industries worked during the normal industrial year of 1912 at approximately 70 per cent of total capacity. The actual average wage received during the year for the machine industry was $684; for the silk industry, $509. If full time had been made, it follows that an increase of over 40 per cent would have resulted. This would have meant an average annual wage for the machine industry of $977; for the silk industry of $726.If this 27 per cent of time had not been lost, the average annual wage would have been $566. The average annual loss of wage per employee through unemployment was at least $1 53, and was probably much more, if time lost waiting in the mill, and time lost by hose laid off, were included. Stated for individual departments, the actual average annual wage and the lost wage per employee would be as follows: Actual average annual wage Winders -? Threads Setters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Weavers -? Pickers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Average annual wage lost through lost time spent outside of mill $334 237 452 $124 173 168 164 These results are shown graphically in fig. 19. In short, the worker loses the opportunity of earning 100 per cent of what his energies and abilities warrant. Permanent or chronic unemployment means a permanent loss of wage. In essence it means that the family of a man with a $1,000 or $1,200 earning ability cannot profit by or live according to the standard of such means, because the man is actually earning only from $500 to $1,000 a year.Not merely does unemployment seriously reduce the income of the worker; it makes his income decidedly irregular. Regular income is interrupted by periods of total or partial stoppage of income. In times characterized by such unusual industrial depression as of the past winter, the loss of income is complete on the part of thousands. To a large degree, the worker is entirely ignorant when such misfortune will befall him. Such a situation almost forces the worker to lead a hand-to-mouth existence.He hesitates to plan ahead, because he never knows whether he will be able to carry through his plans or not, for fear of an interruption of income. A premium is, therefore, placed on the lack of thrift . When the normal income returns after a famine period, it not unnaturally leads a family to spend extravagantly after the strain of pinching through a hard time, Just as human nature always has, from the days we were savages, led us to indulge in an orgy of feasting after a long fasting. Unemployment and irregular employment are the arch enemies of thrift.The Annals of the American Academy Perhaps the most serious industrial result of unemployment is its effect on the quality of the working people. It makes good workers bad. It turns workers who were capable and willing into men who are neither capable nor willing to hold a steady Job if they could get one. As one man with whom I talked when he was out in front of a hosiery mill at the noon hour, said, † For six months before this month, we have been working from 8 to 3. When we came to go back to the old hours (7 to 5. 0) it seemed at first as if we Just couldn't make ourselves get up an hour earlier and work two hours later . † The utter inability of the workers to understand or to change the situation breeds a fatalistic lack of hope that soon manifests itself in a lack of ambition and effort. The secretary of the National Lace Weavers' Union says, â€Å"The lace industry has made more bums than any industry I know of. I have seen men go into the mills only to work an hour this morning or an hour this afternoon, so long, that they are incapable of sustained effort.They lose their personal ‘punch' and often eventually lose their ability to discuss anything except how things are this week in this or that plant. One of the usual ways by which such a depression leads to a debasing of the worker is by causing the skilled man to drift into an unskilled trade. When a man is out of work, he is very apt to â€Å"take anything† that offers, whether it is a job in which he can utilize his skill or not. The very common result is that he is never able to â€Å"come back† to his own trade .His ability in his particular trade is sacrificed and he drifts into the already tremendously overcrowded class of unskilled men. Not only the worker but the entire Philadelphia community as well, is the loser by this lowering of the skill of abort. The injury to the worker by unemployment extends beyond his mere industrial efficiency, and dangerously affects the social standing, the family relations, the health, the intelligence and the public orderliness of the working classes of the community.A series of interviews with Kensington textile workers (chiefly Anglicans) is one steady story of used up savings, of increased debts, and of â€Å"half time† for four, six or nine months during the past winter. Even the few whose greater savings or â€Å"steadier time† would normally have led them to avoid the â€Å"pinch† f the past winter, have felt obliged to lend to the less fortunate to an extent 41 Steadying Employment which, in many cases, has meant a severe dra in on their own resources. The lowered income during such a winter as the past. 1914-1 5) very frequently means the curtailment of the necessities of food, fuel and clothing, to the point where the health is seriously impaired. It is almost impossible to measure this injury. Mr.. R. R. P. Bradford, who is in charge of the â€Å"Lighthouse† and was quoted previously (page 6), said during the spring of 1915, â€Å"l should not be at all surprised if, as a result of the erring of physical vitality among the Kensington workers, because of insufficient nourishment and protection, there should come about an epidemic of disease that will cost us dear.Whether it does or does not happen, we have a permanent injury as a result of this year's unemployment in the lessened vitality of the people. † Every severe depression is a great destroyer of family life. Almost every family with whom I conversed knew of two or three families that were forced to â€Å"break up† because of the unemployment during the past winter. One of the usual results of unemployment s a considerable increase in the number of thefts, burglaries and suicides.

Serotonin syndrome Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Serotonin syndrome - Thesis Example The determining factor in disease management is therefore, early recognition of the symptoms, which themselves are the major diagnostic factors. The essay is an outline of the researches contributing to an understanding of the various aspects of the disease. Introduction: Serotonin syndrome is a combination of symptoms that occur as a result of overstimulation of specific serotonin receptors. It usually develops as a consequence of administration of more than one (rarely one) drug that is a serotonergic agent. Described as a possibility first in 1955 by Mitchell, in a tuberculosis patient administered iproniazid and meperidine simultaneously, the disease has been in existence since much longer. Initially studied as a behavioural disorder exclusively in animals (Grahame-Smith, 1971), the disease was much later associated with humans (Insel et al., 1982). The increase in incidences of the syndrome was reported as a consequence of prescribing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) for treatment of depression, which lead to an interest in serotonin syndrome. The disease is characterized by restlessness, incessant twitching, excitement, agitation and tremor or shivering. The disease severity can vary from mild to intense, though seve re cases of disease are rarely reported and can be treated by withdrawal of causative agents as well as use of serotonin antagonists. In its most severe form the disease can even be life threatening. Serotonin: Chemically 5-hydroxytryptamin or 5HT, Serotonin is a neurotransmitter formed by hydroxylation and decarboxylation of amino acid tryptophan. It is involved in the control and expression of a plethora of feelings ranging from depression and psychosis, to hunger and slumber. It also plays important role in body temperature, sexual behaviour, pain and memory. Serotonin secreting neurons are known as serotonergic. However, serotonin function is determined

Biomedical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Biomedical ethics - Essay Example Joe fulfills the age requirement of Medicaid’s rationing scheme because he is below age 65 and unless he did not fulfill its other fundamental requirements, the Medicaid official could have denied him benefits unfairly (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Dr. Adams fulfilled the requirements of the biomedical principle of beneficence when she went out of her way to attend to Joe while at the scene of the accident. She demonstrated the principle of respect for persons when she attempted to rescue Joe who was incapable of self-determination immediately after the accident. Both Dr. Adams and the emergency personnel in the ambulance demonstrated non-maleficence when they helped save Joe’s life because they did not harm him even when his condition exposed him to mistreatment and harm. Facts provide that Dr. Benson had performed substandard surgeries before Joe’s case. If indeed the Southwest Hospital knew about Benson’s quality of service, it was immoral to have allowed him to operate on Joe (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). The motorist who cut Joe off might have been reckless. The motorist should have been cautious when driving knowing that obstructing others on the traffic could cause an accident. Recklessness implies that the actor (the other motorist) foresaw the danger that could accrue from his action but did not take precautions to remove the danger. There was an element of negligence in the way that Southwest Hospital handled Joe’s case. Negligence embodies the issues of duty, breach, causation, and damages. Given Joe’s condition after the accident, the hospital had the duty to protect and rescue his life. Assigning Dr. Benson to Joe’s operation breached the hospital’s duty to protect their patient’s (Joe’s) life and wellbeing. It is possible that Dr. Benson’s lack of care during operation is what led to Joe’s hemorrhage and hospitalization thereafter. The hospital could therefore be charged for the

Organization Behaviour Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Behaviour - Research Paper Example Correspondingly, studies have revealed that various factors are associated with the theory of OB, which makes it a multidimensional approach to contemporary management, constituting the perceptions of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job attitudes among others. Among its various dimensions, this research paper will mainly discuss the topic of job attitudes with the focus on investigating the level of both job satisfaction and organizational commitment within a specific business organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. Notably, it is the employees involved in the operational process of any business organization, responsible for the determination of organizational culture. Hence, job attitude amid employees, determined by their job satisfaction degree, can be apparently observed as a crucial facet to enhance their organizational commitment and subsequently, outline the organizational culture (Saari and Judge 396-407). With this concern, the research paper intends to conduct an OB audit of an American healthcare organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. The outline of this research paper has accordingly been structured with a brief overview of this healthcare organization, followed by the analysis of data gathered, to conclude the findings as well as the results obtained from the interviewees. Subsequently, certain recommendations, based on the analysis about how the healthcare organization might address its weaknesses or deficiencies, with respect to the above stated topic and a solid conclusion have also been incorporated in the outline. Kaiser Permanente (KP) is a health care company and America’s leader in formulating effective nonprofit health plans. Established in the year 1945, KP was created to help provide Americans medical care during the situations of Great Depression as well as World War II when health care was unaffordable. As of December 31, 2013, KP has a network of 38 hospitals, approximately 190,000

Modern dance and ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern dance and ballet - Essay Example esis Statement: Modern Jazz dance has very little resemblance with classical ballet; it is an improvisation that fuses modern dance and ballet as such, requiring dancers to be able twist and swing while watching the positioning of their hands. There is major emphasis on the use of bare feet, torso movements and most importantly, incorporation of humor into emotional expression. This dance requires that dancers train daily, and at times, take classic ballet classes in order to help them keep up with the complexity and technicality of the choreography of this dance. It requires that dancers follow ideas related to efficient movement of bodies, attention to detail, and keeping with a small space while making dance moves. The moves mostly used in modern jazz dance include Jazz kicks, Hands, Rolled shoulders, Turned knees and Sideways shuffling. Important features of modern jazz dance are the syncopated rhythm adopted from jazz music; improvisations, isolations and its requirement of high energy levels and low center of

French and American Court System Research Paper - 1

French and American Court System - Research Paper Example The American Court System has basically the same degrees of organization with federal and state courts hearing the case when it is first brought up, a Court of Appeals for appeals made from the decision of the federal and state courts and the Supreme Court which has the final say when the case has not been resolved in the Court of Appeals. (American Bar Association, 2006); ( Wasby, 2000) As compared to the United States where the Supreme Court has the final authority on the interpretation of the Federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, the authority in France which has the final say on the interpretation of the law is divided into two: the Conseil dÉtat for administrative cases and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases. The Jury System is a court proceeding where sentencing decision makers are people (note that it is more than one person) who may have no or little education in law and a judge as an arbiter/overseer of the proceedings such as in the United States. This is in contrast to other systems such as a Professional Judge which makes use of a career attorney delegated by the state to become a court’s sentencing decision maker. This is the mode among countries such as Japan and the Philippines. Besides from the jury which employs lay persons (lay in the sense that they may have little education in law), there also exists the lay judge where a layperson (singular) serves as the judge. This system can be found in many tribal communities where religion governs and legal codes and education are not yet well established. The jury is supposed to be the protector of the individual’s rights from the decision of the state by having the case presented to peers or equals of the accused who by being peers can understand the motivation or plight of the accused. Presumably, they are to understand the actions of the accused and judge whether the actions were prudent and acceptable to common values of equals in the same society.

Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lenin - Essay Example Revolution came about as a result of various political actors as well as funding from foreign powers such as Germany which were interested in making sure that it withdrew from the First World War. Vladimir Lenin was one of the most important leaders of the Russian Revolution and this was mainly because he was a charismatic leader who sought to ensure that the monarchy in Russia was brought to an end. An individual dedicated to the rights of the working class that formed the bulk of the Russian state, Lenin was an individual who not only completely opposed to the monarchy, but also took an active part in ensuring its end (Rice 135). His political activities forced him into exile in Switzerland where he was in constant touch with likeminded people who believed that a communist revolution in Russia was necessary. While this was the case, Lenin and his associates did not have the necessary funding to ensure a successful uprising but this was remedied by the German government which is believed to have funded Lenin as well as organizing the means for him to return to Russia to agitate for a revolution. Germany played a pivotal role in helping the Bolsheviks come to power because it was in its interests to make sure Russia withdrew from the First World War and the only way to do this was to overthrow the monarchy (Pipes 141). It should be noted that during this period, Germany was fighting a two front war with the Allies and Russia’s withdrawal meant that it could concentrate its efforts in the western front. The German government therefore provided Lenin with the means of achieving his revolutionary objective in Russia and it was through German funding and support that he was able to mobilize the support he needed to overthrow the Tsarist government. Alexander Lvovics Parvus was a significant factor in the Russian Revolution and he did this through his association with influential individuals in the German establishment such as Baron von Wangenheim (Karaà ¶merlÄ ±oÄŸlu

The slaves moment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The slaves moment - Essay Example Life in the barracoons was indeed very tough for the slaves; two important aspects to understand here are that a number of slaves had to live together in a single barracoon and thus often felt suffocated because of the lack of space and terrible living conditions. Moreover, illnesses were widespread due to the lack of sanitation within these homes, if they could be called so. Due to the number of tics and rampant potentiality of sickness, the slaves were living under terrible conditions. Hill writes, ‘the masters wanted the barracoons to look clean outside so they painted them with whitewash.† (p.23) this helps the readers to understand the mentality of the masters and how badly they treated their slaves while making them live in horrible homes which looked neat from the outside so as to provide a different picture to the rest of the world. Esteban tried to leave escape the plantation in order to taste freedom however since he had never been anywhere else other than the p lantation, he was a little lost upon entering the woods. The reason why most slaves did not bother to runaway was because they feared being caught and then being treated in an even worse manner by their masters; Esteban thus wanted to taste a slice of freedom and act carelessly; he was not afraid of being caught because of the sole reason that he did not know worse fear than having to bow down to other human beings and do as they say without uttering a word. For a long time, he hid in cave and ate pigs in order to not be found and whenever he heard dogs barking, he immediately took off his clothes to prevent the animals from picking up his scent. – That was one of the methods of his survival. â€Å"The cave was big and dark like the mouth of a wolf.† (p. 45) 2. The second section is entitled ‘The Abolition of Slavery’ and talks about Montejo’s life until his emancipation in the year 1886. He worked in the sugar mills for a long time as a free worker and laboured his years away, working hard at the machines as well as performing manual labour acts of cutting and harvesting sugar cane. This helps in an understanding of the harsh lifestyle that peasants were forced to lead and the difficult work that goes into the forming of sugar and cane and the hard work required to sell it in the market at terribly low costs, not taking into account the labour that has been put into it. â€Å"There were masters, or rather, owners, who believed that blacks were made for locking up and whipping. So they treated them the same as before. To my mind blacks didn't realize that things had changed [with emancipation] because they kept on saying 'Your blessing, Master'.... [The white man] believed they were the owners of humanity† (p.62) He was highly critical about the life that the blacks and the mulattos were forced to lead and the lack of education that they were subject to, thereby ruining their chances of ever having the opportunity to le ad a better lifestyle. Further, he also spoke very lowly about the Catholic priests who treated women like whores and forced them to have sex with them and procreate as many children as they could. The workers enjoyed themselves as they often entertained themselves by playing games in the barracoons. They played games like tejo (p.26) where they used a corn on a cob to flip a coin and win coins from one another. Playing games was the only source of fun that they had and an aspect which took them to another world for sometime,

Enhancing Employability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enhancing Employability - Term Paper Example The possible influence of IT in employment creation is both direct as well as indirect. Directly, IT sector can create new employment opportunities and indirectly, the implementation of IT by other industries help to enlarge the assortment of services and as a result inspire the evolution of IT sector. The indirect influence of IT is much bigger compared to direct influence. In the USA, it is expected that for each employment generated in the IT industry, at least ten further IT-oriented employment can be developed in other industries where IT has been implemented. Though the use of IT eradicates certain specific labor-intensive employments, it can generate far more employment opportunities. Several businesses such as computer training, research and development among others are directly related with IT industry (Jacobs, 2008). According to a study of National Research Council of the USA, it had been found that IT has an inspiring effect on the development of service industry. The fastest growing sectors of service industry such as education, financial services, health services and insurance sectors among others are expanded with the help of adaptation of IT. IT provides benefits towards generation of employment and enhances skill level. Several evidences specify that IT supports towards the development of labor and overall skill advancement in the workstation (Jacobs, 2008). The research for IT business will be conducted on the basis of secondary data and primary data. The main focus of this research will be to understand the condition of the IT industry in the USA and to analyze the self-employment opportunity in this sector. In order to conduct the research, firstly, information regarding IT sector trends such as computer sales and revenues in the USA will be collected, the number of employment generated by the IT sector will be analyzed and ultimately the data will be segmented for creating a fruitful finding of the research. These data will help to understand the condition of the IT sector and its prospects for employment for graduates or self-employment.

Machiavelli the prince Essay Example for Free

Machiavelli the prince Essay Machiavelli emphasized the value the need of stability in the domain of the prince. Machiaveli argued that virtuous and stable state is the greatest moral good and the effort to protect one’s country regardless of what it will take. What is important is that, one is to do anything to save the country and to sustain his power. Furthermore, Machiavelli noted that the prince should not be disrespected. The prince should be feared and loved, but it is much better to fear that loved According to Machiavelli; rule is justified by force but not by law. He proposed some of the actions that may be done to perpetuate power. His idea generally is based on how one can take and controlled leadership in a particular country and use it maximum level. Some of his area of interest was on defense and military, reputation of the prince, generosity vs. parsimony, cruelty vs. mercy, avoiding contempt and hatred gaining honors, noble and staff, avoiding flattering, and how to get fortune. According to him the greater achievement of the prince is when the prince has acquired all the above factors. Conclusion Ethical behavior principal as it has been viewed in this paper is fundamental for the development of the potentialities of the person and the achievement of any particular company. The most important thing is the unified relation among the society members such that whatever they do will be guided by the virtues or values of good behavioral actions. Reference: Irwin, T. H. (1999) â€Å"Republic 2: Question justice,† in Plato 2: Ethics politics, Politics, Religious, the soul, ed. Grail Fine Oxford: Oxford University press, pp. 164. 185 American Psychological Association. (1953). The ethical standards of psychologists. Washington, DC: Author. Leal, L. (1998). T

Business Plan For London Friend Chicken Marketing Essay

Business Plan For London Friend Chicken Marketing Essay Business plan is a document which is of very much importance. It is a plan which sets up the outline for doing a business and ascertaining its direction for growth and making profit in the future. In this report, a business plan is developed for the purposes of a new business which is to be started. The business plan is at the helm of every business where the planning, formulation of strategy, designing of the process and the setup of the business in performed. This document is of a prime nature and of valuable importance for the company which is planning to do the business from the start. This plan will set the objectives of doing the businesses and the overall strategy to follow so that the business will succeed. The strategy and projections for the business are set in this plan so that it is known well before in advance that in which direction the company / business will going to move. Here in this report, we will initially define the basic terms that are commonly to be used. This will than be followed by the discussion of the business plan, the objectives of the business, the products that will be offered by the business, an analysis of the market, a summary of the overall strategy and implementation, web plan, summary for the management and the financial plan will be discussed in the below paragraphs in this report. This report will comprehensively cover the aspects that are required for the purpose of a new and successful business plan. Some of the key definitions are discussed here under for the sake of creating an understanding for the users of this report: 1.1. BUSINESS PLAN: Planning plays a very important role in ascertaining how a business will perform and the level of success that it will achieve. Therefore, the essential and required aspects for the success of a business are the identification of the relevant goals and the development of the strategies for the purpose of obtaining and achieving those goals. A business plan is a significant aid and tool using which the business can actually organize their goals which it wants to attain and the objectives it has set for itself. This is basically a dry run of the company or in other words we can say that this is what a company will look like on paper. The business plan is used by the companies irrespective of the size and / or stage of the development process. It is used by the companies to bring improvement into its operations and to do marketing and give description of the business to those who will finance the project. The business plan generally follows a standard format for the purpose of this plan . By effectively utilizing a business plan the companies can not only attain and obtain their goals but even can do much better than that. Hormozi, A. M., Sutton, G. S., McMinn, R. D. Lucio, W., (2002) The level to which a business plan shows and incorporates costs and overheads and the resource allocation like the research, production, warehouse, storage, transport, distribution, training, head office, wastage, vary with the needs of the business. 1.2. STRATEGY: This sets the direction of the plan as how and in what manner it will work. This is usually set by the owners of the business or the shareholders of the business or the top management of the business sets the strategy for the business. This strategy sets the manner in which the company is going to operate and will strive for the purpose of obtaining the profits and goals and objectives of the company. The strategy needs to be set at the point of inception before anything is or could be done so that the business thrives and prospers as per the direction it has set for itself and the plan that it has made for attaining that objective and strategy. 2. DETAILED BUSINESS PLAN: This report now discusses the business plan of the business which is going to be set up. This business will thrive to make profit by making a good format, plan and strategy so that the company can be able to survive as well as than it can be able to make the profits. In this detailed business plan we will discuss the nature of the business, the objective of the business, the mission of the business, the strategy by which the business will operate and the pattern and mode in which the business will achieve the profitability. 2.1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The nature of the business is a fast food restaurant chain having restaurants in three locations in London. The name of the business is proposed to be London Fried Chiecken LFC. This is a locally based and self owned fast food outlet chains. This will be positioned and made an international brand of the fast foods restaurants throught the creativity and approach in respect of the image of the outlets. This fast foods restaurant chain will provide very high quality food at value prices on buying this in combined. This food will be served in high quality presentation and layouts. London Fried Chicken is to be opened in relation to an increasing demand for snacks and fast food. This food is in demand especially when the people when the customers do window shopping or they walk in a shopping mall. In highly competitive environment of todays, its becoming more and more difficult to differentiate one outlet of fast food from another. London is the economic hub of not only the United Kingdom but also to most of the European Countries. With more than 11 million people visiting yearly, mainly from neighboring countries particularly in the European Union, Londons retail sector is very strong in the region. We have set out our main priority for opening the outlet in the central London, preferably in the central London or may be in one of the prominent malls for shopping in London. Later, through this effort we have plan to further develop more retail outlets in the areas surrounding. This business plan is being prepared for obtaining a location for initially launching of the concept. Additional finance amount will be required to be obtained for the purpose of opening two outlets subsequently, which we anticipate to open in  the thirteenth month and then in the third year after it. The amount of finance form the capital contributed by the shareholders will result in London Fried Chicken to open successfully and in doing expansion of the business within two to three years. The initial amount of capital invested will allow LFC to provide its valuable clients with a valuable and good experience through the creativeness of its founders. London Fried Chicken will  attract more youngsters in bringing their family and friends with our environment which is innovative, fresh cut Belgian fries, and other selected and unique dipping sauces. 2.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE BUSINESS: The following are the objectives of the London Fried Chicken: Making LFC a place to visit for eating for those who do shopping in malls. To establish its presence in London as  a successful fast food restaurant chain and gaining a market share in Londons industry of fast food. To do expansion into many outlets by the year three of business, and also sell our franchise to our neighboring metropolitan cities, like Paris, Spain, Bulgaria, Istanbul etc. 2.3. MISSION: The main aim and target of London Fried Chicken is to be among the most successful outlets of fast food in London, starting with one main outlet located in the main central London located as market tester. London Fried Chicken will strive to make itself a premiere local brand in fast food in the marketplace. We want to provide our customers the total all-in-one experience when visiting our place and also our website as they will know more about our new pop culture. We will be selling the products and goods from sauces which are pre-packaged and also t shirts, potato cutters etc, all with our own corporate brand name attached with it. Our main focus will be serving high-quality food at a great value. 2.4. KEYS TO SUCCESS: For being successful in the business we need to: Be innovative, having entertaining menu and creating a unique experience for customers, that will differentiate us from the other competitors. Controlling our costs at all times, in various areas and implementing a more conservative approach to our policy of growth. Although, as we want to be on the safe side in doing business, so we give more than required fund for opening more than one outlets. Selling products which are of the high quality, while keeping our customers happy and satisfied with our various product categories of food. Encourage the two most important values in fast food business: brand and image, as these two ingredients are a couple of main drivers in marketing communications. Providing 100% satisfaction to the clients and maintaining the level of excellent services among other competitors. Promoting good values of our business culture and philosophy of doing business. Get access to high-traffic shopping malls near the target market. 2.5. SUMMARY OF THE COMPANY: What London Fried Chicken is? London Fried Chicken sells  our French fries in a cone  with a  choice of sauce. We are using the concept of Belgian Fries, where the fries are prepared from fresh potatoes and fried two times. Our business also provide clients with excellent and good customer services to support fun ambience, and an energetic and youthful living style.   Fresh and youthful surroundings Following the patterns and footsteps of Starbucks and KFC, which also represent our core target market majority, between ages18 to 35 years of age. Our store will have live cooking of our main feature Belgian Fries from cutting to frying. Our client can be able to read our in-house brochures in respect of all the knowledge about Belgian Fries and our featured sauces. The store we have will be decorated with fast food setting, such as a bright counter and display menus on the wall. Quality food Each  of our outlet will  offer good quality service and food form our freshly fried Belgian fries, sandwiches and variety of other sauce blends, all served with old-fashioned home-style care. Open everyday The opening times of the store will be everyday from 11 am to 11:30 pm. Variety, variety, variety A new range of sauces will be displayed every three months and we will also change our Italian soda flavors to accompany our fries. 2.6. OWNERSHIP OF THE COMPANY: London Friend Chicken is a privately held business. It will be registered as a Limited company in the UK, with ownership 25% Tim, 25% Joseph, 25% Carol, 25% Amanda. Tim and Joseph have more than 10 years of experience in the food business. Both are currently working as Corporate Staff of a Company. Tim holds an MBA degree from University V. He is an entrepreneur by heart and his latest entrepreneurial project is a diamond store in the hub of London. Joseph holds a BA degree in Graphic Designing from the Arts Academy. His projects are widely varied from product design to developing brands of several reputable companies. Carol holds a MS degree from an Institute Y. She completed many projects and also served as project manager for multi-national companies in London. Amanda holds a BS degree from University Z. She has majored in Management and Information Technology. Prior to her return to London, she has held several management positions in a U.S.-based IT company. 2.7. LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES OF THE COMPANY: London Fried Chicken size of location will range from 50 70 meters square and will have seating from  18 to 30 guests. First of our locations will be on the larger end of this range. This venue will have features such as its own display of merchandise and other attributes for brand building. The outlet will be equipped with modern furniture and  aim for  calm and an  open feeling. We are currently searching at various possible venues around London Bridge or Oxford Street central London areas.. The venue will be selected based upon the following criteria: Tourist destination. Community size: minimum of 800,000 people within a radius of 8 kilometers. Large percentage  of teenagers in the community. Easy access. All of the above features are consistent with London Fried Chickens aim of providing a top class fast food experience. We want our best form of marketing to be word-of-mouth, where our customers value our brand as something exciting and cannot resist from telling to their friends and neighbors. London Fried Chicken will be competing directly with several other fast food giants inside the selected shopping mall. 2.7. COMPANYS PRODUCTS: We want to focus only on selling fries. Alcoholic drinks will not be sold in our outlet, as Fresin Fries promotes a healthy and positive Singaporean lifestyle. Instead, we will offer Italian Soda  to complement the fries. In promoting  the  Fresin Fries  lifestyle, we will offer various merchandise  with our logo and colors, from hats to t-shirts to potato cutters to our signature sauces, so that our customers can enjoy Fresin Fries at home. Our signature sauce is exclusively manufactured by Company Q. They can be also purchased at selected retailers. 2.7.1. DESCRIPTION OF OUR PRODUCTS: London Fried Chicken will sell friend chicken, burgers and fried together with our  unique sauces for dipping. Main products sold are: Chicken Roasted, Chicken Hot Burger, Chicken Sandwiches, Chicken Burgers, French Fries, Special Dip sauces etc. Also we will be having available Belgian-style fries in large 2 dips, or small 1 dip, with addition of garlic Fresin (add  £0.25). There are more than twenty flavours available for the dips for Belgian style fries which also be served with sandwiches. These dips are available in more than 20 flavours: Satay Sauce Pesto Mayo Thai Chili Ketchup Teriyaki Sauce Roasted Pepper Mayo Creamy Wasabi Mayo Black Pepper Sauce Lava Cheese Barbecue Curry Ketchup Caribbean Islands Jalapeno Ketchup Traditional Sambal Hot Chili Sauce Korean BBQ Garlic Dip 2.7.2. COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS: London Fried Chicken will have several advantages over its leading competitors. These are: A high degree of enthusiasm is expected by us and we offer a store with fun having friendly staff, that reflects the culture of youth and energy at LFC. Unique concept based on fusion of dipping sauce. We do not use frozen fries as compared to other competitors and our fried potato is made 100% fresh. We have innovative packaging which is more entertaining than our competitors; we serve a single cone with cup which is reserved for dipping sauce. Our dipping sauce is made fresh by us without adding preservatives. 2.8. SOURCES OF OUR RAW MATERIAL: Our suppliers will deliver fresh halal chicken along with fresh potatoes will be delivered on a per week basis by our supplier who is based in Scotlan. We also undertaken an agreement with  Organization Q for exclusively manufacturing our crispy chicken, signature dip sauces. Our merchandise items will be printed and produced by our partners office in China. 2.8. PLAN OF SALES: We have set almost similar patterns of marketing for each of the LFC stores. Below are the programs that we have setup for opening of each of LFC locations. 2.8.1. OPENING IN A GRAND MANNER: We will be putting outdoor signs on each outlet as soon as possible for grasping orders in advance for parties etc. This signage will be supported by banners before opening of the stores. 2.8.2. POINT OF PURCHASE: We will be using the concept of tray toppers for the purpose of explaining our business and style. We will also be selling to our clients the gift certificates, announcing future jobs openings, and possibly will also mention about franchise opportunities. 2.8.3. DIRECT MAILS: Also, direct mails will be sent to the customers starting from a stand-alone piece, which will be folded, will be produced in good colours on good quality weight papers. Inside the brochure there will be all the required and essential details of LFC, explaining our menu, house of operation, prices and a map to find our location. 2.9. PRODUCTS FUTURE: Initially we will focus on capturing market share by selling our dipped and fried chicken and our good French fries and signature sauces. However, when grow ahead, we will also bring new additional categories to our menu, such as Buffalo Wings and Belgian Sandwiches. Our future growth strategy will be to offer franchises of our LFC brand to other food businessman in the region. There various examples of success of various organisation in the same business line on growing globally. 2.9.1. MEALS WITH VALUE: The LFC deals come with value for the customers. Sales of our products will not only generated from the sales of our Belgian Fries, but also will be generated by the concept of innovation in our packaging menu which is called the value meal. It is a deal which consists of combinations of our sandwiches, or burgers with featured Belgian Fries at much better value instead of us selling the individual items. We can also do customize sales by selling a fries which are of bigger size called Uber Fresin to attract price sensitive clients 2.9.2. LARGE PARTIES OF PRIVATE NATURE: We can also handle private parties and handle banquets, in addition  to our brochures which will be listing our entrees on a daily basis. 2.10. SUMMARY OF MARKET ANALYSIS: Consumer spending on fast food sector in London is rising steadily from rose during the end of the year 2008, followed by the recovery of UKs economy from recession. The increasing number of new outlets such as fast food restaurants, fancy restaurants and gourmet bakeries around UK has been showing a significant growth in this sector. Food spending is high as a percentage proportion of total consumer expenditures in UK At the weekends there is a much broader appeal as a large number of customers go to the outlets and malls at a very broader perspective. At the weekend there is saturation of the activities. Market consists of: Age   Youngsters who are single and currently enrolled in college and high school. Family units   Young families along with children. Gender   Both the sexes will be targeted for the purposes of generating sales.. People from medium income and individuals and other lower medium income bracket people will be more likely to visit us. As per a survey conducted of young people aged 15 45 years, 80% of those interviewed like fast food. 90% of them like fast food on a regular basis, and 10% of them claimed that they like fast food very much, or love fast food. The following reasons were also provided by the survey for purpose of positioning and increasing popularity of fast food: Usually people have 12 months with 52 weekends and there will be three long holidays a year. Most of UK people love to shopping in high streets and malls, and when they do strolling around the shopping centers, they require a quick bite to accommodate their activities. Parents give more money to kids and students to buy lunch. Fast food is naturally their first choice, because of the brand building effort that heavily targets their age group. White-collar workers in offices have stopped bring lunch, and enjoy chicken, hamburger, pizza or other fast food joints in the vicinity. People in UK do not perceive fast food is a luxury,  and they enjoy it by bringing their family, particularly if they have small kids. 2.10.1. SEGMENTATION OF MARKET: Our target market segment is the younger generation as our primary market. Due to high extra-curricular activities among UKs youth, it is common for the youth to have lunch inside shopping malls, and not at home. The secondary market that we have chosen is the Working class. There are various major shopping malls across London,  including  Westfields, Bretncross etc which are the biggest shopping mall in the nation, employing more than 50,000 workers. LFC is the alternative for a quick bite while shopping the fancy boutiques in the area and is also a delicious attraction for tourists. 2.10.2. NEEDS OF THE MARKET: LFC sees out target markets as having a broad range of needs.  A recent analysis of consumer trends by Euromonitor has identified the below needs among our target markets. Our core group: Looking for speed in services Likes to have variety and flavors in the foods, preferably something fried Insists upon a friendly, clean, and attractive environment Wants an entertaining and fun experience Adopts a global lifestyle Comes from various ethnic backgrounds Enjoys eating out Is computer literate Has an active lifestyle There is large potential and growing market needs that can be served by LFC despite of the fact that there are so many competitors in the market. Yet London Fried Chicken feels that its great taste and unique services and offers will be able to attract more and more clients. 2.10.3. COMPETITORS IN THE MAIN AREA: Our main competitors in this fast food restaurant segment are the food outlets within the 2 miles radius along the Oxford Street. In our location, there is Pret-a-manger, pizza hut, KFC, Subway, and others. Therefore the following are the main competitors of LFC: Pret-a-manger Pizza hut KFC Subway McDonalds These are the brands of international fame and it can only be possible to attract clients by making oneself more competitive and tasteful in compared to the above. 2.10.4. STRATEGY FOR SALES: The sales strategy is building and opening new locations at different outlets in order for increase the revenue. However, this plan will be put into execution and implementation when the one market tester outlet at first showed potential growth. As each individual location will continue building its local client bases over a benchmark period of say first three years of operation, the goal of each store is  Ã‚ £109,460 in annual sales, with the original flagship store expected to earn almost  £225,000 per annum. 2.10.5. FORECAST OF SALES We anticipate the highest peak on the months of July and August in our volume of sales forecasted, due to the summer seasons and than in November and December season due to Christmas holidays. Millions  of people from the EU countries visit Britain each year, mostly for shopping purpose and dining. Then there are also tourists anticipated from Asian countries as well, this explains the jumped of sales in these last two months of the year. (all sums in below graph are estimated numbers in  £) 2.10.6. MILESTONES: During the initial phase of company being set up, the 4 founders (Tim, Joseph, Carol, and Amanda) will conduct planning and implementation in constructing the brand name and image and the making of LFCs first outlet. The planning and construction will take approximately 8 to 9 months. This is in addition to the process of refinement and revision which will take the remaining of the 12 month period before our opening in middle of the year 2010. 2.11. FINANCIAL PLAN: The company is now privately owned by Tim, Joseph, Carol, and Amanda. Future shares will be offered after two consecutive years of operating in UK. 2.11.1. START-UP FUNDING: Currently, company is being owned its four original founders, who each will contribute  £220,000 for the same amount of share, 25%. This will be the amount which is more than the amount required to cover start-up requirements, and provide the business with a cash margin so that it can use for expansion over the first three years. (all figures below are imaginary and assumed numbers. Funding at startup Fund for expenses at Start-up  £71,700 Funds for Start-up Assets  £51,300 Total amount of funds required  £120,900 Assets Non cash Assets at the Start-up  £41,500 Start-up Cash Requirements  £68,500 Additional amount of Cash Raised  £698,300 Cash Balance at the Starting Date  £810,400 Total Assets  £861,200 Liabilities and Capital Liabilities Current amount of Borrowing  £0 Long term Liabilities  £0 Accounts Payable (Bills Outstanding)  £0 Other Current Liabilities (interest-free)  £0 Total Liabilities  £0 Capital Planned Investment Tim  £220,000 Joseph  £220,000 Carol  £220,000 Amanda  £220,000 Requirement for Additional Investment  £0 Planned Investment total  £880,000 Start-up loss (Start-up Expenses) ( £69,600) Total Capital  £810,400 Total Capital and Liabilities  £810,400 Total Funding  £880,000 2.11.1. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS: The breakeven analysis performed by us show that we need unit sales over 9,700 per month to break even. It is not expected to make a profit upto the year three. Break-even Analysis Monthly Units to Break-even 9,706 Monthly Revenue for Break-even  £32,104 Data Assumptions: Per-Unit Average Revenue  £3.31 Per-Unit Average Variable Cost  £0.73 Monthly Fixed Cost Estimated  £24,979 2.11.3. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS: The below is the projected Profit and Loss account which shows LFC will run at a loss for the initial two years, using up some of the cash reserves initially invested by the founders. As sales will rise, LFC can expand into new locations to aggressively spread the recognition of brand. This increase in visibility will allow us to take up less expensive locations off of Oxford Street, while maintaining our flagship operation, the first store, in a  prime spot. Pro Forma Profit and Loss Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Sales  £289,173  £659,328  £1,127,654 Direct Cost of Sales  £62,956  £134,916  £258,837 Other Costs of Sales  £0  £0  £0 Total Cost of Sales  £62,956  £134,916  £258,837 Gross Margin  £226,217  £524,412  £868,817 Gross Margin % 78.23% 79.54% 77.05% Expenses Payroll  £88,200  £262,000  £449,600 Marketing/Promotion  £10,000  £10,010  £10,020 Depreciation  £0  £0  £0 Rent  £174,010  £248,010  £298,020 Utilities  £2,550  £5,000  £8,000 New location setup  £25,010  £50,010  £50,020 Total Operating Expenses  £299,770  £575,030  £815,680 Profit Before Interest and Taxes ( £82,523) ( £140,557)  £53,146 EBITDA ( £82,523) ( £140,557)  £53,146 Interest Expense  £0  £0  £0 Taxes Incurred  £0  £0  £0 Net Profit ( £82,523) ( £140,587)  £53,226 Net Profit/Sales -29.57% -25.18% 4.77% 2.11.4. PROJECTED CASH FLOW The following is the table that shows a Projection of the Cash Flow for LFC: Pro Forma Cash Flow Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Cash Received Cash from Operations Cash Sales  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Subtotal Cash from Operations  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Additional Cash Received Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received  £0  £0  £0 New Current Borrowing  £0  £0  £0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free)  £0  £0  £0 New Long-term Liabilities  £0  £0  £0 Sales of Other Current Assets  £0  £0  £0 Sales of Long-term Assets  £0  £0  £0 New Investment Received  £0  £0  £0 Subtotal Cash Received  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Expenditures Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Operating Expenditures Spending in Cash  £88,200  £262,000  £449,600 Payments of Bills  £244,265  £430,245  £599,286 Subtotal Spent on Operations  £332,465  £692,245  £1,048,886 Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out  £0  £0  £0 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing  £0  £0  £0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment  £0  £0  £0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment  £0  £0  £0 Purchase Other Current Assets  £0  £0  £0 Purchase Long-term Assets  £0  £0  £0 Dividends  £0  £0  £0 Subtotal Cash Spent  £332,465  £692,245  £1,048,886 Net Cash Flow ( £53,301) ( £133,918)  £67,767 Cash Balance  £677,899  £543,981  £611,748 3. CONCLUSION: As discussed in detail above, a business plan is a comprehensive document which requires a lot of efforts to be undertaken for its preparation. The above chart and table in particular the PL and the cash flow clearly shows that the company can turn into profitability in the year three as compared to the initial two years. Also there are positive cash flows of the business. This shows that the business is viable and can be undertaken on a genuine basis.

Implementation Of The Library Management System Technology Essay

Implementation Of The Library Management System Technology Essay This report focuses on the design and implementation of the library management system. It deals with the complete processes on building and implementing it. It focuses in the technical aspects of the system starting with identifying the necessary components and building the relevant relationship between or among them as needed for the smooth and efficient operation of the system. The process starts with the entities involved in the system, with proceeding towards the ER Diagram in order to identify the meaningful relationship between the entities. Next is the table design which fulfils the normalization principle of relational database system and finally the physical tables are created with the necessary and relevant data in them. The system can keep track of the members joining and leaving the library, borrowing and returning of the books. Checking the availability of the books using different attributes as parameters. Finally checking of the overdue books and fines payable is another feature of the system. Abbreviation SQL Structured Query Language ER Entity Relationship ERD Entity Relationship Diagram DDL Data Definition Language DML Data Manipulation Language 1. Introduction: Library management system is a system that facilitates the easiness in using and tracking the library assets. It provides an instant real picture and process of all the activities that happens in a library commencing from the member joining the library and the same leaving the library with all the utilization and rendering of the library facilities in between. 1.1 Background: A library is a collection resources especially books that a wide range of individuals can access and share them. Library has been in use since 15th century as has been gone through several stages of improvisation and its been in the form as today. Library can be categorized into different types according to the organization that runs it as Academic library, public library, School library etc. Further more it can be classified according to the subject matter of the documents it contains as Medical library, Law library, Arts Library etc. Libraries are organized in a way to access the materials in an easy an effective way. There are several systems in practice which makes the library organized. Library is basically concerned about acquisition, preservation and administration of its resources. In order to carry out these tasks a system is implemented. All these process has been carried out manually before the advancement of new technologies. Now the computer automated system is in practi ce to carry out these systems which makes all these processes effective and efficient. These computer automated systems makes easy for the members to access the available resources where as it makes easy for the librarians to keep track and maintain the library resources. 1.2 Objective: The objective of the entire project Design and implement a library database. Construct the expandable search alternatives for the best handling of member queries, searching the books by book title, book author, ISBN. Construct the search option for the librarian to find the over due books and fine details. 1.3 Scope: The goal of this project is to design a database for a college library which will be implemented in the form of an online library which provides members a digitized catalog in order to search the books and browse information about the book. In the same time this system also enables the librarians to find the information of the book in a precise way especially the fine and overdue books. The summarized activities are as follows: Members registration Book issue and collection Book cataloging Collecting overdue book and fines 1.4 Technology Used: Technology used in this project is MYSQL. 2. Current system and its fallacy The library is managed, organized and run by the librarian. All the functions like managing books, issuing books, and finding the books for the members is carried out by librarian. This is where the time and effort is consumed. Whereas the members also find difficulty in finding availability the books and need the assistance of librarian in every step. The librarian also finds it tedious if s/he has to deal with several members at a same time. There is a difficult system 2.1 New system and its features The new system is also based on the daily routines of the library but the function carried out within it will be automated. Once all the data are stored in a database with a proper system both the librarian and members will be benefited over the traditional system as it is designed with the following features in mind: Effective The library system will streamline the library process which accelerates the effectiveness of the library. Efficacious The users are served in a reasonable time and are also able to search and select their required books. Efficient Members and Librarians are able to use the system quickly without any long procedures. Elegant Since the system is intuitive and comprehensive and is designed to be as effortless as possible 3. Literature Review This report focuses on the conceptual design of the system using ER i.e. entity relation ship diagram which is a diagrammatic representation of the entities and their relation with one another which is explained in the forth coming section. The ER is constructed using the UML. UML stands for unified modeling language. Software engineering uses UML as the standardized modeling language. It was created by Object management group. UML is a language used to present the blueprint of the system to be designed. It has got its own notations to represent the processes and objects involved in the software to be designed. ER Diagram is a graphical representation of the entities and relation between them in order to execute a system. This Diagram is constructed in some available ER Diagramming packages which is Visual paradigm community edition in this case. MYSQL has been chosen as the database system for this library management system. Since it is relational database available under the terms of GNU public license. Besides the ease of using through a variety of freely available tools as PHPMYADMIN makes a choice of most of database designers today. Besides it is the database of choice because of its high performance, high reliability and ease of use. Moreover it runs on maximum operating systems available in the IT fraternity like windows, Mac OS, Linux, Solaris, IBM . 3.1 Requirement Analysis The library management system should be able to fulfill the user requirements to all the extent and when analyzed are found as follows Member should be able to join and leave the library Member of a library should be able to borrow and return books Member of the library should be able to check book availability. Librarian should be able to check the overdue book and the fines payable. 4. New system Design The library management system with the goal to cover the requirements noted above needs to be developed in a system which has the proven track of implementing the same or same type of systems. So, a relational database system is chosen to carry out the task. The relational database system is basically a system where data is stored in a container called tables and the relational among them is also stored in the same form. The new system follows the waterfall model of the software development models. The processes in execution order in a water fall model are: Requirement analysis Software Design Integration Testing Deployment Maintenance 4.1 Conceptual Data Model The design of this data model is part of software design phase. After going through the requirement analysis the next step is the Software design and in it conceptual data model is the first among them. The conceptual data model identifies the necessary entities and establishes a relevant relation among them. In this design ER Diagram (Entity relationship diagram) is created to illustrate the relations between the entities. The diagrammatic conceptual representation of structured data is known as ER Diagram. Relational schema is used in this method for database modeling. The dominant method of database designing in the Software industry is the ER Diagram. Peter Chen invented the ER diagram in the early days to model the design of the databases from a more abstract perspective particularly for the academic research. Based on that, ER diagram was further elaborated and now is used worldwide in different forms. ER diagram deals with three major components of a database namely, Entity, A ttributes and Relation. Entity is nothing but a set of particular thing which shares common properties. Whereas attributes are the set of common properties which the entity share. The last but not the least component of an ER Diagram is a relation which is the model of association between one or more entities. Each relationship in ER Diagram has a cardinality which defines the degree of relationship between the two entities. In other words how the related entities has presence over one another. Cardinality is of three types: one to one, one to many and many to many. In an ER diagram the one occurrence of the entity is shown by a vertical line and many occurrence of the entity is shown by the crow foot. The relationship is established on the basis of several keys called primary keys and foreign keys. Besides there are other keys called candidate key and composite key. Primary key: The attribute which uniquely identifies a record in a table is called primary key. Foreign Key: As the name specifies this is the key which points the primary key of another table to which it is related. Candidate Key: The attribute that is identified to be unique for a given record is the candidate key. Composite Key: Primary key consisting of more than one attributes to identify the record uniquely is composite key. For the library system the constructed ER Diagram is shown below. 4.2 Logical Design The logical representation of the entities is drawn out in the logical design. It is a table prototype of the entities. Based on the conceptual Design above we do have following table and entities mapping. Member member_id (integer), member_fname (varchar), member_lname (varchar), member_address(integer), member_phone (varchar), member_email (varchar), member_type(integer) member_id is primary key and member_address and member_type are foreign keys to build the one to many relationship between address table and member table and member table and member_type table respectively. Member_Type member_type_id(integer), member_type_name (varchar), member_type_allowed_day (integer), member_type_fine (integer) member_type_id is primary key. Address address_id(integer), address_description (varchar), postcode (varchar) address_id is primary key. Postcode postcode_id (integer), postcode_description (varchar), postcode id is primary key. Books ISBN (integer), book_name (varchar), book_status (varchar), book_type_id (integer), book_publisher(integer) ISBNis primary key, book_type_id, book_publisher are the foreign keys which relates the the book table with book type with one to many, and with publisher table in one to many relation ship as well. Book_Type book_type_id(integer), book_type_name (varchar) book_type_idis primary key. Publisher publisher_id (integer), publisher_name (varchar) publisher_idis primary key. Author author_id(integer), author_fname (varchar), author_lname (varchar), author_email (varchar) author_idis primary key. Librarian librarian_id(integer), librarian _fname (varchar), librarian _lname (varchar), librarian _address(integer), librarian_phone (varchar), librarian_email (varchar) librarian idis primary key, librarian_address is the foreign key which establishes the one to many relationship with address table. Book_Author ISBN(integer), author_id(integer) ISBN is the foreign key which maintains one to many relation with books table and author_id is the foreign key which establishes the one to many relationship with author table. Thus in this way Many to Many relationship is established between Book and Author table. Borrow borrow_id(integer), member_id(integer), ISBN(integer), librarian_id(integer), borrow_date (date), return_date (date), expected_return_date (date) borrow_id is the primary key and memer_id, ISBN, librarian_id are the foreign keys. Member table and borrow table shares one to many relationship, Books table and borrow table shares one to many relationship and librarian table also shares one to many relation with borrow table involving the mentioned foreign keys. In other words many to many relation ship occurs between these entities i.e. many to many between librarian and books, member and books. Fine fine_id(integer), borrow_id(integer), librarian_id(integer), fine_amount (float), fine_id is the primary key and borrow_id, librarian_id are the foreign keys. Fine is associated with borrow in one to one relation whereas librarian is associated in one to many relation. 4.3 Normalization After the conceptual model the logical representation of entities are created and then before converting them into the tables with physical existence normalization is carried out. Normalization is process by which the data redundancy is nullified. This is achieved by disintegrating the single relationship with ambiguity into multiple smaller and precise relations. The tables holding such data are split into several atomic tables so that they become isolated and the data manipulations are carried out in a propagative way i.e. a change in an entry point data in a relation makes it triggered and reflected throughout the relations which frees tables from modification anomalies, i.e. insertion, updation and deletion anomalies. Several levels of normalization exist in database design and are called Normal Forms. They are First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF) and Third Normal form (3NF). First Normal Form (1NF) First Normal form is concerned with multiple valued attributes. For the table to be in a first normal form it cannot contain multiple values for any attributes. Second Normal Form (2NF) For the table to be in second normal form the non key attributes of the table shouldnt be partial dependent on any single element of composite primary key. Third Normal Form (3NF) For the table to be in third normal form the non key attributes shouldnt have the transitive dependency on the primary key. The tables for the different entities are normalized in following manner: Books Table (without normalization): Fields (ISBN, book_name, book_status, book_edition, book_type, book_publisher, book_author) where ISBN is the primary key. books table before normalization In the above table the author value is repeated in the book_author table, for the table to be in 1NF, the table cell must contain a single value. The next is the value of book publisher and book type is repeated in multiple rows so it results in the update, insert and delete anomalies. To overcome this problem the author name and publisher entity are separated into multiple tables as shown below. The author table is created with author_id as primary key. Author Table: Fields (author_id, author_fname, author_lname, author_email) where author_id is the primary key. author_id author_fname author_lname author_email 1001 Max Godwell [emailprotected] 1002 Robin Hood [emailprotected] The relationship between book and author table is maintained in book_author table which is many to many as many a book has many authors and an author can write many books. This relation is established by creating a third table book_author which maps book to author and vice versa. This table contains two fields both as foreign keys which refer to book and author table respectively to establish one to many relationship on both sides. Book_Author Table : ISBN author_id 91238745654 1 91238745654 2 Publisher Table: Fields (publisher_id, publisher_name) publisher_id is the primary key. Similarly the repetition of publisher values in a book table is rectified by creating a publisher table as publisher_id as primary key which is then mapped as foreign key in books table to create one to many relationship, which rectifies the insert, update and delete anomaly thus creates 1NF in all cases. publisher_id publisher_name 1 Apress 2 Princeton Book_Type Table: Fields (book_type_id, book_type_name) book_type_id is the primary key. Similarly the repetition of book type values in a book table is rectified by creating a book_type table with book_type_id as primary key which is then mapped as foreign key in books table to create one to many relationship, which rectifies the insert, update and delete anomaly thus creates 1NF in all cases. Book_type_id Book_type_name 1 Computing 2 Economics The second normal form deals with the dependency of the non key columns with the primary key, i.e. no non key columns can depend upon another non key columns or no non key columns can depends on any one column in case of composite primary key. The conclusion is all the non key columns must be dependent on primary key strictly. Since this is also satisfied in all the tables above all the tables satifies 2NF as well. The third Normal form deals with transitive dependency of non key columns, since this is abolished in all the tables above all the tables are in 3NF as well. Books Table (Normalized): Fields (ISBN, book_name, book_status, book_edition, book_type, book_publisher) ISBN is the primary key, book_type is the foreign key referring to book_type table and book_publisher is the foreign key referring to the publisher table. Books table after normalization Member Table: Fields (member_id, member_fname, member_lname, member_phone, member_email, member_address, member_postcode, member_type, member_allowed_day, member_type_fine) member_id is the primary key. Member table before normalization The table above contains repeated address, repeated postcode, repeated member type, repeated member_type_allowed day and member_type_fine so this should be resolved to convert the tables in 1NF. Since there is no composite primary key there is no partial dependency as such so once the above table is resolved to 1NF it becomes 2NF as well. Since member_type_allowed_day, member_type_fine is dependent on member_type alone which is dependent in member_id it creates transitive dependency. So the table to be in 3NF this anomaly should be removed. Again to overcome these anomalies the tables are separated and the relation between them are established accordingly. The member, address, postcode and member_type tables are separated as below to convert into 3NF. To avoid the repetition of member type in member table the member type is separated in member_type table with member_type_id as primary key and member_type as foreign key in member table which creates one to many relation between these two tables. This also rectifies the transitive dependency existing on the member table formerly and thus resolves the table to 3NF. Member_Type: Fields (member_type_id, member_type_name, member_type_allowed_day, member_type_fine) member_type_id is the primary key. member_type_id member_type_name member_type_allowed_day member_type_fine 1 Student 14 10 2 Lecturer 30 5 The dependency of address in postcode also creates the violation of 2NF through the dependency of non key attribute in another non key attribute other than primary key so this is further resolved by splitting address and postcode table separately. The address table has address_id as primary key which is referred in member table as foreign key which establishes one to many relation between them. At the same moment the postcode table is created with postcode_id as primary key and is referred in address table as foreign key named postcode also creates one to many relation between postcode and address. Thus the 2NF violation in member table is abolished and further more all the resulting table satisfies all the Normal form conditions. Address Table: Fields (address_id, address_description, postcode) address_id is the primary key and postcode is the foreign key referring postcode_id in the postcode table which creates one to many relation between address and postcode table. Address_id address_description postcode 1 121 East Road 1 2 45 Parr Road 2 3 36 Jhon Road 3 4 23 Plashet Road 1 Postcode Table: Fields (postcode_id, postcode_description) postcode_id is the primary key. postcode_id postcode_description 1 E15 3QS 2 NW9 1NF 3 SE1 2NX Member Table (Normalized): Fields (member_id, member_fname, member_lname, member_phone, member_email, member_type, member_address) member_id is the primary key; member_type is the foreign key referring to member_type_id in member table to create one to many relations between these two table. member_address is the foreign key referring to address_id of Address table to establish another one to many relation. As in case of librarian the repeating fields in a table address and which caused the insert, update and delete anomalies so violated 1NF and this is resolved by creating the Librarian table with the foreign key mapped to address table thus maintaining one to many relationship and thus abolishes any Normalization violations and thus results in satisfaction to all the Normal forms. Library Table (without normalization) : Fields ( librarian_id, librarian_fname, librarian_lname, librarian_phone, librarian_email, librarian_address, librarian_postcode) librarian_id is the primary key. Library Table (normalized): Fields (librarian_id, librarian_fname, librarian_lname, librarian_email) librarian_id is the primary key and librarian_address is the foreign key which refers to address_id in the Address table to create one to many relationship. Borrow Table (without normalization) : Fields (borrow_id, member_id, ISBN, issuing_librarian, borrow_date, return_date, expected_return_date, returning_librarian, fine_amount) borrow_id is the primary key. Borrow table before normalization The above table violates the 1NF by repeating the librarian ids at the same once it is resolved all other normal forms conditions are satisfied. The borrow table is divided into one more table as Fine and the librarian is associated to Borrow and Fine table separately through one to many relationships in both cases. This eradicates the violation of normal forms and thus makes the form normalized up to 3NF. Fine table: Fields (fine_id, borrow_id, librarian_id,fine_amount) fine_id is the primary key and borrow_id is the indexed foreign key which is mapped to the borrow_id of the borrow table, so as to create one to one relationship between them. The relation ship is created one to one as one borrow can only have one fine and not more than once. fine_id borrow_id librarian_id fine_amount 1 1 1001 10 2 2 1002 15 Borrow table (Normalized): Fields (borrow_id, member_id, ISBN, librarian_id, borrow_date, return_date, expected_return_date) borrow_id is the primary key. member_id is the foreign key which referrs to the member_id of the member table thus creating one to many relationship in between. Similarly ISBN is the foreign key that refers to the ISBN in the book table thus creating one to many relation between them. Similarly librarian_id is the foreign key that is mapped with librarian_id of the librarian table to create one to many relationship again. Borrow table after normalization 4.4 Physical Design The physical design refers to the creation of the physical tables in the preferred database management system. In database management system there are the specific SQL called Data definition languages (DDL) to create the physical table and establish the relationship between the tables. They are CREATE, ALTER, And DROP. CREATE statement is used to create the physical structure of the table. ALTER statement is used to modify the existing structure of a table as adding and removing columns, constraints etc. DROP statement is used to delete a table. For instance we have to create the tables as per the requirement. Here are the DDL statements to create the tables as illustrated in the ER diagram CREATE TABLE Books ( ISBN INT NOT NULL , book_name VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , book_status CHAR( 1 ) NOT NULL , book_type INT NOT NULL, book_edition INT NOT NULL , book_publisher INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( ISBN ) ); CREATE TABLE Book_Type ( book_type_id INT NOT NULL , book_type_name VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ( book_type_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Author ( author_id INT NOT NULL, author_fname VARCHAR ( 50) NOT NULL , author_fname VARCHAR ( 50) NOT NULL , author_email VARCHAR ( 100) NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Publisher ( publisher_id INT NOT NULL, publisher_name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY ( publisher_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Book_Author ( book_id INT NOT NULL , author_id INT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Member ( member_id INT NOT NULL , member_fname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , member_lname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL, member_phone VARCHAR( 25 ) NOT NULL , member_email VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , member_email VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , member_type INT NOT NULL , member_address INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (member_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Member_Type ( member_type_id INT NOT NULL , member_type_name VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , member_type_allowed_day INT NOT NULL , member_type_fine INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (member_type_id) ); CREATE TABLE Address ( address_id INT NOT NULL , address_desc TEXT NOT NULL , postcode INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (address_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Postcode ( postcode_id INT NOT NULL, postcode_description VARCHAR( 10 ) NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (postcode_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Librarian ( librarian_id INT NOT NULL , librarian_fname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , librarian_lname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , librarian_address INT NOT NULL , librarian_phone VARCHAR( 25 ) , librarian_email VARCHAR( 100 ) , PRIMARY KEY ( `librarian_id` ) ); CREATE TABLE Borrow ( borrow_id INT NOT NULL , member_id INT NOT NULL , ISBN INT NOT NULL , librarian_id INT NOT NULL , borrow_date DATE NOT NULL , return_date DATE , expected_return_date DATE NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (borrow_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Fine ( fine_id INT NOT NULL , borrow_id INT NOT NULL , librarian_id INT NOT NULL , fine_amount FLOAT NOT NULL fine_paid CHAR( 1 ) NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( `fine_id` ), INDEX (borrow_id) ); Once the table physical structures are created then the relation among them are established as per the ER diagram and normalization. Below are the DDL statements used to create the foreign keys so as to create the relationship between the tables as illustrated in ER diagram. ALTER TABLE Books ADD FOREIGN KEY (book_type) REFERENCES Book_Type (book_type_id) ; ALTER TABLE Books ADD FOREIGN KEY ( `book_publisher` ) REFERENCES Publisher( publisher_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Book_Author ADD FOREIGN KEY ( ISBN ) REFERENCES books( ISBN ) ; ALTER TABLE Book _ Author ADD FOREIGN KEY ( author_id ) REFERENCES Author( author_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Member ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_address ) REFERENCES Address( address_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Member ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_type) REFERENCES Member_Type( member_type_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Librarian ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_address ) REFERENCES Address( address_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_id ) REFERENCES Member( member_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( ISBN ) REFERENCES books(ISBN) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_id) REFERENCES Librarian( librarian_id ); ALTER TABLE fine ADD FOREIGN KEY ( borrow_id) REFERENCES Borrow( borrow_id ); ALTER TABLE fine ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_id ) REFERENCES Librarian( librarian_id ); ALTER TABLE address ADD FOREIGN KEY ( postcode ) REFERENCES Postcode( postcode_id) 5 Data Manipulation language Data manipulation language DML is SQL is the statement which used to insert, update, delete and retrieve the data from the table or multiple tables as per requirement. The INSERT statement is used to insert a record in a table. UPDATE statement is used to modify the value of the attribute in a record and DELETE statement is used to delete a record from the table. 5.1 DML to insert dummy records INSERT INTO Postcode (postcode_id ,postcode_description) VALUES (2, NW9 E5J); INSERT INTO Address (address_id ,address_desc ,po

Impact of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Harriet Beecher Stowe was born on June 14, 1811, in Connecticut. She was the seventh child of a famous protestant preacher. Harriet worked as a teacher with her older sister Catharine, at the Hartford Female Academy. She was also an established writer. She helped support her family financially by writing local and religious periodicals. Harriet began writing when she was young, beginning with poems, travel books, and children’s books, and eventually writing adult novels. Her first adult novel that she wrote and published was Uncle Tom’s Cabin. She wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, after the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a controversial book that Harriet wrote on her feelings of slavery. The story focuses on the harsh reality of slavery and the main character, Uncle Tom, a suffering black slave whose Christian love and faith overcame enslavement. Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, and the second best-selling book of the century after the Bible. 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the first year after it was published. Harriet being a sworn abolitionist, her views and comments written in the book helped start the Abolitionist Cause in the 1850’s. The book also spread many stereotypes about African-Americans, such as Mammy (slang for mother), Pickaninny (slang for a black child), and Uncle Tom (slang for a black servant faithful to his white master or mistress). The impact of the book was so great, that before the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln wanted to meet Harriet. When he finally met her in 1862, he said, â€Å"So you’re the little woman that wrote the book that made this big war!†. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, however, had a greater impact in England than it did in America. The first London edition of the book came out in May, 1852, and sold over one million copies. The biggest reason it was more popular in England than America was because of British antipathy to America. One remarkable writer from England explained that "The evil passions which 'Uncle Tom' gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [of slavery], but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America--we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system--our Tories hate her democrats--our Whigs hate her parvenus--our Radicals hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition.

Disillusionment in Europe During the years 1914-1918 :: essays research papers

Analyze the spirit of promise that gave way to disillusionment in Europe during the years 1914-1918.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to the devastation of the first World War, a spirit of optimism and enthusiasm engulfed the minds of citizens across Europe. Relating the potential outcome of another war to the short, decisive, progressive wars in the nineteenth century, Europeans greeted the opportunity for war as a tool to cleanse the current ailments of Europe. The people, blinded by an overwhelming belief in progress and a developing sense of nationalism, failed to foresee that they were heading for disaster. World War I emanated from European leaders' aggression toward other countries, which was supported by the rising nationalism. Economic and imperial competition and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race, which further escalated the tension contributing to the outbreak of a war greatly exceeding the lethality of European expectation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A spirit of nationalism rang high in the atmosphere pre-world war Europe. Many were engrossed by potential benefits war could bring to their lives. Nationalism, however, was not a new idea; at the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Despite the settlement, the principle was rejuvenated by the onset of the World War. The ardent nationalists fussed in masses to champion the need for war. â€Å"Patriotic demonstrations had an intoxicating effect and excited the war-mongers to excess...† (Phillip Schneidemanan). Under false aspirations and expectations the naive soldiers marched off to war, unexpectant of the tragedies they would encounter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In only a few short months, the soldiers realized how false their assumptions were. Nationalism presented itself as a misleading concept rendering the soldiers to a rude awakening. â€Å"Oh, God how those men looked, as they came nearer-- those utterly immobile faces under their steel helmets...† The illusion brought about by nationalist ideals encouraged war, and under false pretenses delivered the devastation of the war as a shock exceeding all expectations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The power of alliances also played a key role in the creation and devastation of World War I. Dating back to the time of Bismarck, most alliances formed for the sake of reassurance or to postpone the outbreak of a war. But as time passed, alliances greatly increased international tension by dividing Europe into two armed camps. â€Å"I felt strongly that England ought to remain neutral, and I collected the signatures of a large number of professors and fellows to a statement.

Case Essay

Telefonica de Espana. Does your analysis lead to the same conclusions as Telefonica’s managers? The textbook explains SWOT as an acronym for â€Å"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats†. Strengths; Telefonica is a monopoly at this time because it is state owned and this is a major strength for them. The fact that Spain’s culture and language is similar to the market in South America is a major advantage as well. Weaknesses; According to the textbook the prices associated with Telefonica’s service was high. Competitors were looking to exploit this by offering cheaper service with better technology. Companies who could lower their profit margin are a major concern for Telefonica. Opportunities; The deregulation of telecommunications in South America (with the cultural similarities as I mentioned before) seemed to be the perfect opportunity to enter this market and be successful. Threats; Due to the many complaints from their customers Telefonica faces many threats from competitors in this â€Å"new market†. There is a chance that they may not survive in this market if they do not provide better service and technology. 2. How would you characterize the corporate strategy adopted by Telefonica? 3. Minority investors in Telefonica’s South American subsidiaries are unhappy with the parent corporation. Suppose you are a senior manager at the parent corporation. How would you handle the problem with the minority investors? What would you recommend to the CEO should be done about the minority investors? 4. The Latin American telecommunications market is growing much faster (12. 6 percent in 2007) than that of Spain or Europe, both of which grew at a 4. 9 percent rate in 2007. Should Telefonica have continued to focus on the Latin American market, rather than acquire O2 and Cseky? What about its purchase of a minority position in China Netcom?

The Spanish-American War and Imperialism

Q5-How did the Spanish-American War turn into a struggle of imperial elaborateness? Shawn Lannin 2/26/2013 The Spanish-American War originally started sour as The United States defending Cuba from its Spanish rulers essentially, but quickly evolved into colonial expansion. The warfare became a war of imperial expansion in the late 1800s collect to Americas new outward focuses on global markets and growing concerns of frugal competition/expansion from other introduction powers. America, once a colony itself was flat looking to expand its influence into other parts of the globe as its European cousins had been doing for quite some time.Before, during, and after the war Americans had growing concerns about the peaceable and eastern United States Asia. These hostile markets possessed vast amounts of inbred resources and potent lands for the taking many expansionists had differing reasons for imperialist expansion. Some argued religious purposes, some the mobilize of the White-Anglo-Saxon race, (White Mans Burden) while others stressed economic and military machine reasons to expand abroad. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a nautical strategist, believed in a strong navy and that America should turn its focus outward and expand its influences into the humankind.Mahan as well urged the acquisition of Pacific islands for military and naval superiority. Islands such as Puerto Rico, how-do-you-do, The Philippines, and Guam soon became targets of Americas imperialistic aim. These islands could be used strategically to protect merchant fleets in route from Asia and too for military and economic purposes, for example the inhering harbor found in Hawaiis Pearl Harbor served as a great naval plinth and served as a stepping-stone to Asia, while the fertile volcanic soils were perfect for sugar plantations.Expansionists also sought to protect their mass rights and foreign policies such as The Open introduction Policy, which gave free trade rights in east Asian markets. China was in turbulence at the time and other world powers were exhibiting land grabs while trying to cut up out spheres of influence to control trade in Chinese markets. Expansion in the Pacific would not only unattackable our rights to trade but would protect our interests oer seas as well.Nations across the world were colonizing weaker countries through with(predicate) the concept of Social Darwinism and America didnt want to fall by the substance side so to speak. We had to keep up with the world powers and protect our best interest. It was a time of empires and after decades of isolationism, America inflexible it was time to show the world our power. By 1898 America had defeated Spain and with its defeat came the appropriation of several island nations that we used to our benefit for days to come.